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                                       The theory of evolution.  Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes that are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. T o this matter one will almost always become familiar with  Charles Darwin , perhaps the greatest of all contributors. As a naturalist,  Darwin  was not only responsible for the theory of evolution as we know it today, but also the foundation that biological sciences are based on.   Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes that are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction.  Modern humans  originated in Africa within the past 200,000 years and evolved from their most likely recent common ancestor,  Homo erectus , which means ' upright man ' in Latin.  Homo erectus

                         Super continents In geology, a supercontinent is the assembly of most or all of Earth's continental blocks or cratons to form a single large landmass.  However, some earth scientists use a different definition, "a grouping of formerly dispersed continents", which leaves room for interpretation and is easier to apply to   Precambrian   times   although at least about 75% of the continental crust then in existence has been proposed as a limit to separate supercontinents from other groupings. Supercontinents have assembled and dispersed multiple times in the geologic past (see table). According to modern definitions, a supercontinent does not exist today. The supercontinent Pangaea is the collective name describing all of the continental landmasses when they were most recently near to one another. The positions of continents have been accurately determined back to the early Jurassic, shortly before the breakup of Pangaea (see animated image). The ea

NDK Astronomy                   The mars landing by NASA. Resently 18/2/2021 National aeronutics and space adminstration launched a space rover for the red planet, Mars.  A Mars landing is a landing of a spacecraft on the surface of Mars. Of multiple attempted Mars landings by robotic, unmanned spacecraft, ten have had successful soft landings. There have also been studies for a possible human mission to Mars, including a landing, but none have been attempted.  The most recent landing took place on the 18 of February 2021 by the NASA rover  of 2021, all methods of landing on Mars have used an   aeroshell   and   parachute   sequence for   Mars atmospheric entry   and descent, but after the parachute is detached, there are three options. A stationary lander can drop from the parachute back shell and ride   retrorockets   all the way down, but a   rover   cannot be burdened with rockets that serve no purpose after touchdown. One method for lighter rovers is to enclose the rover in a tetr

                                        Albert Einstein Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics. His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science.   He is also known for his discovery of the photoelectric effect, for which he won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921. Einstein developed a theory of special and general relativity, which helped to complicate and expand upon theories that had been put forth by  Isaac Newton  over 200 years prior.  The maximum  IQ  score assigned by the WAIS-IV, a commonly-used test today, is 160. A score of 135 or above puts a person in the 99th percentile of the population. News articles often put  Einstein's IQ  at 160, though it's unclear what that estimate is based upon.  Einstein's Big Idea homepage.   E   =   mc 2 . It's the world's most famous equation, but   what does   it really   mean ? "Energy equals mass

                  Emoji or Electronic message are small faces with emotions each uniqe to them.  When  Shigetaka Kurita  created the first emoji in 1999, he had to work within a grid measuring 12 by 12 pixels.  Emoji exist in various genres, including facial expressions, common objects, places and types of weather, and animals. Emojis are  with nearly 20 percent of messages including at least one symbol, followed by Russians and  Americans . The  French  embrace icons associated with hearts, while users from other countries prefer emojis related to faces. The most famous emoji is the  " cool face" (😎). Nowadays  in this second millions of emojis are used. There are different forms of Emojis  that are different. For a example Google emojis  , Microsoft Emoji, Samsung Emoji, Apple Emoji and WhatsApp  Emoji are highlights.  Google Emoji- You can get a Google Emoji by just right clicking  your mouse pad. Microsoft Emoji- You can get it by clicking Windows button and dot button (

   NDK Astronomy  Planet 9  Planet Nine, sometimes referred to as Planet X, is a hypothetical planet in the outer region of the Solar System. Its   gravitational   effects could explain the unusual clustering of   orbits   for a group of   extreme trans-Neptunian objects   (eTNOs), bodies beyond   Neptune   that orbit the Sun at distances averaging more than 250 times that of the Earth. These eTNOs tend to make their closest approaches to the   Sun   in one sector, and their orbits are similarly tilted. These improbable alignments suggest that an undiscovered planet may be shepherding the orbits of the most distant known   Solar System   objects.   Nonetheless, some astronomers do not think that the hypothetical planet exists at all, based on detailed observations and studies. Based on earlier considerations, this hypothetical super-Earth-sized planet would have had a predicted mass of five to ten times that of the Earth, and an elongated orbit 400 to 800 times as far from the Sun as t

                             Ludwing van Beethoven Beethoven was German composer and a pianist. He was born in 1770. His first music teacher was his father. He had a very unhappy childhood. He began his career in the employment of Bonn court in Germany. At the age of 22 he moved to Vienna. Where he spent the rest of his life and earned living from the sale of his compositions and studied under Haydn in Vienna. Beethoven broke away from the patronage of the aristocracy and became independent. He was a nature lover.  Beethoven remains one of the most admired composers in the history of Western music; his works rank amongst the most performed of the classical music repertoire. His works span the transition from the classical period to the romantic era in classical music.                                             Image via- en.wikipedia.org  NDK Blogs 

                                  Hybrid Animals (part 7) Beefalo  Beefalo are a fertile hybrid offspring of domestic cattle, usually a male in managed breeding programs, and the American bison, usually a female in managed breeding programs. The breed was created to combine the characteristics of both animals for beef production.  Beefalo   can reach 55 inches in height and 1.500 to 2.000 pounds of weight.   Beefalo   is covered with fine, usually dark-colored robe that is evenly distributed on the body.   Beefalo   has bovine-like body without hump. It is docile by nature.   Higher classification:  Bovina Scientific name:  Bos taurus X Bison bison Order:  Even-toed ungulates Rank:  Hybrid Phylum:  Chordata Hybrid:  Bos taurus × Bison bison                         Image via- en.wikipedia.org  NDK Blogs  

                                                  Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was an American statesman and lawyer who was the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War, the country's greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis. Mr. Lincoln was born in 1809, Kentucky, USA.    Abraham Lincoln  is  famous for  the Gettysburg Address, abolishing slavery and being one of the four presidents who have been assassinated.  Abraham's  father remarried and, as the frontier expanded and became more populated, so the quality of life increased.  Lincoln  always defined the Civil War as a struggle to save the Union, but in January 1863 he nonetheless issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed all slaves in areas still under Confederate control. This was an important symbolic gesture that identified the Union's struggle as a war to end slavery.  Lincoln  proved to be a shrewd mi

                                        Silicon Valley.  Silicon Valley, in the southern San Francisco Bay Area of California, is home to many start-up and global technology companies. Apple, Facebook and Google are among the most prominent. It’s also the site of technology-focused institutions centered around Palo Alto's Stanford University. The Computer History Museum and NASA’s Ames Research Center are in Mountain View. The Tech Museum of Innovation is in San Jose.  Silicon Valley  is  called Silicon Valley  because of sand. Many companies manufacturing computer chips (like Intel) were either operating or headquartered throughout the region, now known as  Silicon Valley  back, in 1971. The first ingredient in the manufacturing process of computer chips happens to be – sand.  Silicon Valley grew up in the area between  San  Jose, California, and  San Francisco  as a result of  Frederick Terman , the legendary  dean  of Stanford engineering school during the 1940s and 1950s. He cr

                                      The United Nations United Nations or simply the UN  is an intergovernmental organization that aims to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations. The WHO, UNICEF, UNSC, world bank, FAG and many more world changing organization. United Nations was founded in 1945 , San Francisco, California. Its present headquarters in in New York city.  At present the  UN  has in total 15 specialized  agencies  that carry out various functions on behalf of the  UN .  There are 195 countries in the world today. This total comprises  193 countries  that are member states of the United Nations and  2 countries  that are non-member observer states: the Holy See and the State of Palestine. China was the first country to join official to the UN after USA. The latest country to join is  Montenegro.  image via - en.wikipedia.org NDK Blogs 

                                              Rabindranath Tagore Mr. Rabindranath Tagore was born in India, in a rich family.  Rabindranath Tagore FRAS was a Bengali poet, writer, composer, philosopher and painter. He reshaped Bengali literature and music, as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Tagore was born in 1861. He father was a man called  Debendranath Tagore and mother was Sarada Devi. Tagore did not go to school on his early ages but still he learnt English and  Sanskrit languages in home. He had a great habit o f reading books. From the early ages he read shekspiar's books. When he was in the age of 17, he went to England for higher education. When he came back to India from England he wrote a book named Sandya sogeeth. In 1901 his wife expired from this world. After that his second daughter's death. After two years another son expired from this world after that his father left this world making him mourning period

                                  [Hybrid Animals] part 6 Cama A cama is a hybrid between a male dromedary camel and a female llama, and has been produced via artificial insemination at the Camel Reproduction Centre in Dubai. The first cama was born on January 14, 1998.    The aim was to create an animal capable of higher wool production than the llama, with the size and strength of a camel and a cooperative temperament.   Much like camels, camas are herbivores that eat shrubs and other plant matter. As they can drink large amounts of water at a time, camas can survive with little or no water for long period Hybrid-    Camelus dromedarius♂ × Lama glama♀ family- Camelinae  Oder- Artiodactyla  Class- Mammalia Kindome- Animalia                        Image via-  https://sites.google.com/site/rareanimalspage/cam as NDK Blogs

                                      [Hybrid Animal] Part 5 Hinny A hinny is a domestic equine hybrid that is the offspring of a male horse and a female donkey. It is the reciprocal cross to the more common mule, which is the product of a male donkey and a female horse. The hinny is distinctive from the mule both in physiology and temperament as a consequence of genomic imprinting. scientific  name -  Equus asinus x Equus caballus species -  E. caballus♂ × E. asinus♀. Family -  Equidae Class -  Mammalia.                                         Image via - en.wikipedia.org  _____________________________________________________________________________________ Hybrid Animals NDK Blogs . ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Image credit goes to en.wikipeida.org our blog does not own the image. 

                                        World without the internet  First of all I have to say it would be pretty hard without interne because I have to mention it that you are reading this document from this blog from the internet. So what would be the world without internet?                                                            Good things  A. In the modern world today many people travel from various destinations because of commercial, business or leisure purposes. Today we usually book the plane tickets with the internet but without it we have to really go to the flight center and book.  B. When we do not no a meaning of a word, we usually google it. But without internet it would be different. We have to turn and see that encyclopedia or go to the library to find it. Now day with internet it is win- win because we only have type it on google. C. The world economy will be different due to lost of software or software related companies because they run purely with internet. Man